Repurposing distillation waste biomass and low-value mineral resources through biochar-mineral-complex for sustainable production of high-value medicinal plants and soil quality improvement

High cost of synthetic fertilizers and their hazardous effects catapult the exploration alternative nutrient formulations soil amendments. This study aimed to synthesize a novel biochar-mineral-complex (BMC), evaluate its supplying improvement performances. In hydrothermal reaction, BMC was prepared using biochar derived from distillation waste Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) farmyard manure, for first time via fortification with low-grade rock phosphate mica. The showed improved physico-chemical properties availability than pristine biochar. When applied deeply weathered acidic soil, significantly (p<0.05) herbage bioactive compound (sennoside) yields medicinal plant (senna; Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) compared biochar, vermicompost, chemical fertilizers. also quality by increasing carbon contents, microbial activities. Soil facilitated greater uptake in senna plants under conventional organic fertilizer treatments. thus encourages development not only overcome limitation sole application soils, but phaseout agriculture. Moreover, could bestow resilience sustainability crop production value-added recycling biomass mineral resources.